Understanding practical knowledge of pesticides can fundamentally prevent the occurrence of pesticide harm, which is a necessary guarantee for ensuring safe, efficient, and rational use of pesticides. Today, we will summarize the knowledge related to pesticides for your reference:
30 Questions on Pesticide Fundamentals
1. How many types of pesticides are classified according to their uses?
A: It can be divided into insecticides, fungicides, acaricides, rodenticides, herbicides, molluscicides, plant growth regulators, etc.
2. What is a chemical pesticide?
A: Chemical pesticides are a type of pesticide that is artificially developed and synthesized, and produced by chemical industry enterprises.
3. What do the "three certificates" of pesticides refer to?
A: It refers to the production license, product quality standard certificate, and pesticide registration certificate.
4. What is pesticide formulation? What is pesticide formulation?
A: Unprocessed pesticides produced in factories are called raw materials, which generally come in two types: powder and crude oil. The processing of raw materials and various auxiliary materials to form a processing form with certain components and specifications is called a dosage form. A dosage form can be made into various products with different contents and uses, which is called a preparation.
5. What are the common dosage forms of pesticides?
A: Common dosage forms include powders, wettable powders, emulsions, granules, suspensions, water agents, etc.
6. What are the conventional methods of pesticide application?
A: There are powder spraying, spray, poison bait, seed treatment, soil treatment, fumigation, fumigation, smoke, granulation, and airplane application.
7. What does 7 ppm mean?
A: How to convert it to a percentage? Ppm stands for parts per million, which is the percentage of pesticide active ingredients in one million parts of a spray solution. It represents the concentration. Parts per million (ppm)=percentage x 10000 (milligrams per liter).
8. What are the advantages of mixed use of pesticides?
A: Scientific mixing can simultaneously prevent and control several diseases, pests, and weeds, save time, reduce labor costs, prevent or delay the development of drug resistance in pathogens and pests, improve the performance of pesticides, extend the residual period, complement each other's strengths and weaknesses, and play to their respective strengths.
9. What issues should be noted when using pesticide mixtures?
A: The mixed use of pesticides should achieve the goals of increasing efficiency, treating simultaneously, and expanding the scope of prevention and control. After mixing, there should be no changes in physical or chemical properties, and crops should not exhibit phytotoxicity, reduce efficacy, or increase acute toxicity.
10. What kind of weather is not suitable for using pesticides?
A: It is not advisable to use pesticides under weather conditions such as strong winds, rain, high temperatures, and high humidity. Otherwise, it will reduce the efficacy of pesticides, increase environmental pollution, and increase the chance of pesticide harm.
11. How to use pesticides during the rainy season?
A: Internal absorption and quick acting pesticides can be selected, adhesive can be added to pesticides, and spray can be replaced by irrigation.
12. What is the expiration date?
A: After pesticide application, it can effectively prevent and control the duration of pests, diseases, weeds, and rodents.
13. How to improve the effectiveness of pesticide control?
A: (1) Master the occurrence pattern of pests and diseases, and seize the best prevention and control period; (2) Spray evenly and thoroughly; (3) Accurately grasp the usage concentration and dosage per mu.
14. How to prevent diseases, pests, and weeds from developing drug resistance?
A: Adhere to the strategy of comprehensive prevention and control; Rotating the use of different types of pesticides; Mixed use of pesticides; Add synergists; Master the best prevention and control timing, strive for one-time effectiveness, and reduce the frequency and concentration of use.
15. What is the meaning of pesticide toxicity?
A: A very small amount of pesticides can directly or indirectly cause toxicity or serious damage to the functions of humans, livestock, poultry, and beneficial animals. This performance of pesticides is called toxicity.
16. What are the drawbacks of organophosphate pesticides?
A: Organophosphorus pesticides generally have a short shelf life (7-10 days) and are used in large quantities, which can easily cause diseases, pests, and weeds to develop resistance; Especially prone to poisoning accidents.
17. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of pyrethroid pesticides?
A: The main advantage of pyrethroid pesticides is their small dosage, but the main disadvantage is that pests, diseases, and weeds are particularly prone to developing resistance.
18. When is the best time to apply pesticides?
A: From a safety perspective, it is generally recommended to use it from 8-10 am and 4-8 pm in the afternoon. It can be used throughout the day on cloudy and low-temperature days, and should be stopped during strong winds or rainy weather.
19. What are the stomach toxicity, contact killing, and fumigation effects of insecticides?
A: Gastric toxicity refers to the act of drugs entering the digestive system through the feeding of pests, causing them to become poisoned and die. The contact killing effect refers to the penetration of pesticides into the insect's body through its epidermis, causing poisoning and death of the pest. Fumigation is the process of certain chemicals evaporating into toxic gases at normal temperatures, which then enter the insect's body through its respiratory system and cause poisoning and death.
20. What are the characteristics of pyrethroid insecticides?
A: The advantages are high efficiency, broad spectrum, low toxicity, and low residue; The disadvantage is that most pests do not have internal absorption and fumigation effects, making them prone to developing drug resistance.
21. What are the characteristics of sandworm toxin pesticides (insecticidal double, insecticidal single, fenitrothion)?
A: Broad spectrum; Simultaneously possessing contact killing, stomach poisoning, and fumigation effects; Low toxicity and low residue; Belonging to nerve agents; No cross resistance with other pesticides.
22. What issues should be paid special attention to when using sandworm toxin pesticides?
A: The issue of drug harm. Cabbage, cabbage and other cruciferous vegetable seedlings are sensitive to both fenitrothion and insecticides, especially in summer. Beans, cotton, and other crops are particularly sensitive to insecticides and pesticides, making them susceptible to pesticide damage. In addition, they have a strong ability to poison silkworms and have a long shelf life, so it is necessary to prevent contamination of mulberry leaves and silkworms.
23. What are the characteristics of avermectin insecticides?
A: Avermectin is an antibiotic insecticide and acaricide produced by liquid fermentation and processing of Streptomyces averzensis. It has the characteristics of high efficiency, broad spectrum, long shelf life, safety against natural enemies, low resistance of pests to drugs, easy degradation, no residue, and no pesticide damage to crops.
24. Is avermectin insecticidal fast?
A: Abamectin mainly has stomach toxicity and also has contact killing effects. After the drug enters the insect body, it mainly hinders the transmission of motor nerve signals, causing paralysis, inactivity, and non feeding of the insect body. It dies 2-4 days later. In fact, the effect is fast and the effectiveness is fast, but the "visible" effect is slow.
25. What is a fungicide?
A: Fungicides are a type of pesticide used to prevent and control diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and other pathogens.
26. What is the difference between the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of fungicides?
A: The bactericidal effect is that the fungicide truly kills the bacteria. Antibacterial effect refers to the process by which a fungicide inhibits the life activity of a pathogen, preventing it from developing, rather than killing the pathogen.
27. What are the protective, therapeutic, and eradication effects of fungicides?
A: The protective effect is to apply pesticides before the pathogen infects the crop, protecting the crop from damage caused by the disease. The therapeutic effect is to apply pesticides after the pathogen has infected crops or fallen ill, inhibiting the growth or pathogenic process of the pathogen, stopping the development of the disease or gradually restoring health. The eradication function is to kill pathogens on the surface of crops or in the cultivation environment by applying pesticides, protecting crops from infection.
28. What are the two types of herbicides based on their functional properties?
A: There are two types of herbicides: non selective herbicides and selective herbicides. The former has a killing effect on all plants, eliminating both crops and weeds. The latter can kill all or part of the weeds, but it does not harm the crops.
29. What are the two types of herbicides according to their mode of action?
A: One type is contact herbicide, which can only kill the weed parts that come into direct contact with the herbicide after spraying Another type is systemic herbicides, which can be absorbed by the roots, stems, leaves, or buds of weeds and transported throughout the plant Thus causing it to wither and die.
30. What are the misconceptions about pesticide use?
A: (1) Pursuing quick results. Many vegetable farmers tend to choose quick acting pesticides when selecting them, because quick acting pesticides quickly show their effects after use. Although some agricultural contracts have good results, they are not recognized by vegetable farmers due to their slow performance and only show good results in the later stage. When using insecticides, we pursue quick acting and hope to kill pests immediately after spraying. However, some biopesticides such as Bt or avermectin insecticides are not easily recognized by vegetable farmers because they only kill insect eggs or inhibit insect molting or have slow effects. The most serious consequence of vegetable farmers pursuing quick effects is that the phenomenon of using highly toxic, highly toxic, and highly residual pesticides still exists in some places, and the pesticide residue in the products produced exceeds the standard. (2) Overreliance on the efficacy of certain pesticides. Many pesticide instructions have a scope of application, and when purchasing pesticides, as long as they are labeled as having multiple effects, they will be purchased for use. If some pesticides are labeled as effective in treating various diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc., they will be purchased as good pesticides. (3) Excessive use. Many vegetable farmers overuse pesticides, using several times or even more than ten times the commonly used dosage, often causing pesticide damage. (4) Mixing multiple medications for use. One of the main problems currently exists is that many vegetable farmers mix several fungicides with 5-8 types of fertilizers, insecticides, and virus killing agents, which not only affect the efficacy of the drugs, but also cause phytotoxicity and affect crop growth.
